Simple, Complex, Compound
- গঠন অনুসারে sentence তিন প্রকার–
- Simple Sentence (সরল বাক্য)
- Complex Sentence (জটিল বাক্য)
- Compound Sentence (যৌগিক বাক্য)
- Simple Sentence: যে sentence এ একটি মাত্র finite verb থাকে তাকে simple sentence বলে। তাই simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র principal clause থাকে।
a) Abid finished his duty.
b) In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
- Complex Sentence: যে sentence এ একটি principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Sub-ordinate Clause থাকে তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
a) Answer the first question before you proceed further.
b) Although he worked hard, he could not shine in life.
Note: Sub-ordinate clause এর শুরুতে Sub-ordinate conjunction থাকে।
- Compound Sentence: যে sentence এ এক বা একাধিক principal clause, sub-ordinate conjunction যুক্ত থাকে তাকে Compound sentence বলে।
a) He went to school and meeeeet my friends.
b) This girl can dance but that girl cannot dance.
Clause এর আলোচনা
- যে সকল group of words বা শব্দসমষ্টির নিজস্ব Subject এবং Finite Verb রয়েছে ঐ শব্দসমষ্টিকে Clause বলে।
- গঠন প্রকৃতি অনুসারে Clause তিন প্রকার। যথা-
- Principal/Independent Clause.
- Sub-ordinate / Dependent Clause.
- Co-ordinate Clause
১. Principal/Independent Clause: যে clause কে sentence থেকে আলাদা করলেও অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য অন্য কোনো Clause এর উপর নির্ভরশীল নয়, তাকে Principal Clause বলে। যেমন- He gave me a phone that I lost.
২. Sub-ordinate / Dependent Clause: যে clause কে sentence থেকে আলাদা করলে সম্পূর্ন অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না, তাকে sub-ordinate clause বলে। যেমন- I know why he didn’t come.
৩. Co-ordinate Clause: দুই বা ততোধিক সমশ্রেণির সমগুরুত্ব বিশিষ্ট Independent clause যখন Co-ordinate conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়ে একটি Compound Sentence গঠন করে, তখন উক্ত Clause গুলোকে Co-ordinate clause বলে।
যেমন- You must give up smoking or you will suffer.
এক নজরে Simple, Complex, Compound
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| i. একটি মাত্র Principal Clause থাকে। ii. একটি মাত্র subject থাকে। iii. একটি মাত্র finite verb থাকে। | i. দুই বা ততোধিক clause থাকে। ii. একটি মাত্র main clause থাকে এবং অন্যটি Sub-ordinate থাকে। iii. Sub-ordinate clause টি Sub-ordinate conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে। | i. দুই বা ততোধিক Clause থাকে। ii. প্রত্যেক clause ই স্বাধীন। iii. Clause গুলো Co-ordinate conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে। |
| সহজে চেনার উপায় | সহজে চেনার উপায় | সহজে চেনার উপায় |
| Too…to, verb+ing, by+verb+ing, In spite of, Despite, without+verb+ing | Sub-ordinate Conjunction: So..that, so that, since, as, because, though, although, in order that, if, unless, until, till, relative pronoun etc. | Co-ordinate Conjunction: And, or, but, not only…but also etc. |
Rules For Simple, Complex, Compound
1.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| v+ing | When | and |
Example:
Simple: Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
Complex: When the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Compound: The thief saw the police and he ran away.
Exercise for Practice.
a) Entering the house, the father saw his son reading. (Complex, Compound)
b) Standing by the window, Sihab noticed Abid. (Complex, Compound)
2.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| Because of | Since/As/Because | and |
Example:
Simple: Because of being weak, he couldn’t work hard.
Complex: Since he was weak, he couldn’t work hard.
Compound: He was weak and he couldn’t work hard.
Exercise for Practice:
a) Because of his being kind, he was honored by the people. (Complex, Compound)
b) Because of his being meritorious, he stood first in the competition. (Complex, Compound)
3.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| Being | Since/As/Because | and |
Example:
Simple: Being industrious, they will succeed in life.
Complex: As they are industrious, they will succeed in life.
Compound: They are industrious and they will succeed in life.
Exercise for Practice:
a) The water being very salty, the mariners could not drink it. (Complex, Compound)
b) The meeting being over, the guests went away. (Complex, Compound)
4.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| Without + v+ing | If | or |
Example:
Simple: Without studying attentively, you will not pass the exam.
Complex: If you don’t study attentively, you will not pass the exam.
Compound: Study attentively or you will not pass the exam.
Exercise for Practice:
a) Without eating a balanced diet, you will lose your health. (Complex, Compound)
b) Without listening to me, you will not understand it. (Complex, Compound)
5.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| By + V + ing | If | and |
Example:
Simple: By taking a balanced diet, you will live a healthy life.
Complex: If you take a balanced diet, you will live a healthy life.
Compound: Take a balanced diet and you will live a healthy life.
Exercise for Practice:
a) By uttering one word more, I will turn you out. (Complex, Compound)
b) By taking rest for a few days, you will come around soon. (Complex, Compound)
6.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| too to | So.. that | and |
Example:
Simple: The baby was too little to talk.
Complex: The baby was so little that he couldn’t talk.
Compound: The baby was very little and he couldn’t talk.
Exercise for Practice:
a) The man was too honest to take a bribe. (Complex, Compound)
b) The watch is too costly for me to buy. (Complex, Compound)
7.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| to/in order to | So that | and |
Example:
Simple: We must start now in order to catch the train.
Complex: We must start now so that we can catch the train.
Compound: We must start now and we can catch the train.
Exercise for Practice:
a) They went there to attend the party. (Complex, Compound)
b) Abid went to the park to meet his friend. (Complex, Compound)
8.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| In spite of/Despite | Though/Although | but |
Example:
Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is honest.
Compound: He is poor but he is honest.
Exercise for Practice:
a) In spite of being old, he carried a load of two baskets. (Complex, Compound)
b) In spite of getting the news, he was not happy. (Complex, Compound)
9.
| Simple | Complex | Compound |
| Participle (v+ing/v3) | Relative Pronoun | and |
Example:
Simple: The boy running fast is my brother.
Complex: The boy who is running fast is my brother.
Compound: The boy is running fast and he is my brother.
Exercise for Practice:
a) I saw a parrot flying in the sky. (Complex, Compound)
b) The car imported from Japan is running well. (Complex, Compound)